在Linux下，我們經(jīng)常需要查看系統(tǒng)的硬件信息， 這里我羅列了查看系統(tǒng)硬件信息的實(shí)用命令，并做了分類，實(shí)例解說(shuō)。

執(zhí)行環(huán)境：ubuntu 16.04

1. cpu

lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息.

root@ubuntu:/home/peng/#?lscpuArchitecture:??????????x86_64????????????#cpu架構(gòu)CPU?op-mode(s):????????32-bit,?64-bitByte?Order:????????????Little?Endian?????#小尾序CPU(s):????????????????1?????????????????#總共有1核???On-line?CPU(s)?list:???0Thread(s)?per?core:????1?????????????????#每個(gè)cpu核，只能支持一個(gè)線程，即不支持超線程?Core(s)?per?socket:????1Socket(s):?????????????1NUMA?node(s):??????????1Vendor?ID:?????????????GenuineIntel?????#cpu產(chǎn)商?intelCPU?family:????????????6Model:?????????????????158Model?name:????????????Intel(R)?Core(TM)?i5-7500?CPU?@?3.40GHzStepping:??????????????9CPU?MHz:???????????????3408.070BogoMIPS:??????????????6816.14Hypervisor?vendor:?????VMwareVirtualization?type:???full?????????????#支持cpu虛擬化技術(shù)L1d?cache:?????????????32KL1i?cache:?????????????32KL2?cache:??????????????256KL3?cache:??????????????6144KNUMA?node0?CPU(s):?????0

查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每個(gè)cpu信息，如每個(gè)CPU的型號(hào)，主頻等。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/proc/cpuinfoprocessor?:?0vendor_id?:?GenuineIntelcpu?family?:?6model??:?158model?name?:?Intel(R)?Core(TM)?i5-7500?CPU?@?3.40GHzstepping?:?9microcode?:?0x48cpu?MHz??:?3408.070cache?size?:?6144?KBphysical?id?:?0siblings?:?1core?id??:?0cpu?cores?:?1apicid??:?0initial?apicid?:?0fpu??:?yesfpu_exception?:?yescpuid?level?:?22wp??:?yes.....

2. 內(nèi)存

概要查看內(nèi)存情況

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?free?-m??????????????total????????used????????free??????shared??buff/cache???availableMem:???????????1970?????????702?????????315??????????13?????????952????????1025Swap:???????????974??????????20?????????954

這里的單位是MB，總共的內(nèi)存是1970MB。

查看內(nèi)存詳細(xì)使用

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/proc/meminfo?MemTotal:????????2017516?kBMemFree:??????????242020?kBMemAvailable:????1003240?kBBuffers:??????????104192?kBCached:???????????699824?kBSwapCached:?????????1832?kBActive:???????????696320?kBInactive:?????????639924?kBActive(anon):?????236412?kBInactive(anon):???301996?kBActive(file):?????459908?kBInactive(file):???337928?kBUnevictable:??????????48?kBMlocked:??????????????48?kB.....

查看內(nèi)存硬件信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?dmidecode?-t?memory#?dmidecode?3.0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Getting?SMBIOS?data?from?sysfs.SMBIOS?2.7?present.?Handle?0x0084,?DMI?type?5,?46?bytesMemory?Controller?Information????Error?Detecting?Method:?None????Error?Correcting?Capabilities:?????????None????Supported?Interleave:?One-way?Interleave????Current?Interleave:?One-way?Interleave????Maximum?Memory?Module?Size:?32768?MB????Maximum?Total?Memory?Size:?491520?MB????Supported?Speeds:????????70?ns????????60?ns????Supported?Memory?Types:????????FPM????????EDO????????DIMM????????SDRAM????Memory?Module?Voltage:?3.3?V????Associated?Memory?Slots:?15.....

內(nèi)存最大值是 491520 MB。

3. 磁盤

查看硬盤和分區(qū)分布

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsblkNAME???MAJ:MIN?RM??SIZE?RO?TYPE?MOUNTPOINTsr0?????11:0????1?1024M??0?rom??sda??????8:0????0??500G??0?disk?├─sda2???8:2????0????1K??0?part?├─sda5???8:5????0??975M??0?part?[SWAP]└─sda1???8:1????0??499G??0?part?/

查看硬盤和分區(qū)的詳細(xì)信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?fdisk?-lDisk?/dev/sda:?500?GiB,?536870912000?bytes,?1048576000?sectorsUnits:?sectors?of?1?*?512?=?512?bytesSector?size?(logical/physical):?512?bytes?/?512?bytesI/O?size?(minimum/optimal):?512?bytes?/?512?bytesDisklabel?type:?dosDisk?identifier:?0x9c674a44Device?????Boot??????Start????????End????Sectors??Size?Id?Type/dev/sda1??*??????????2048?1046575103?1046573056??499G?83?Linux/dev/sda2???????1046577150?1048573951????1996802??975M??5?Extended/dev/sda5???????1046577152?1048573951????1996800??975M?82?Linux?swap?/?Solaris

4. 網(wǎng)卡

查看網(wǎng)卡硬件信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci?|?grep?-i?'eth'02:01.0?Ethernet?controller:?Intel?Corporation?82545EM?Gigabit?Ethernet?Controller?(Copper)?(rev?01)

查看系統(tǒng)的所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ifconfig?-aens33?????Link?encap:Ethernet??HWaddr?00:0c:29:bb:bd:40????????????inet?addr:192.168.0.117??Bcast:192.168.0.255??Mask:255.255.255.0??????????inet6?addr:?fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64?Scope:Link??????????UP?BROADCAST?RUNNING?MULTICAST??MTU:1500??Metric:1??????????RX?packets:174629?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?frame:0??????????TX?packets:105285?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?carrier:0??????????collisions:0?txqueuelen:1000???????????RX?bytes:237519396?(237.5?MB)??TX?bytes:9592767?(9.5?MB)lo????????Link?encap:Local?Loopback????????????inet?addr:127.0.0.1??Mask:255.0.0.0??????????inet6?addr:?::1/128?Scope:Host??????????UP?LOOPBACK?RUNNING??MTU:65536??Metric:1??????????RX?packets:854?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?frame:0??????????TX?packets:854?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?carrier:0??????????collisions:0?txqueuelen:1000???????????RX?bytes:60894?(60.8?KB)??TX?bytes:60894?(60.8?KB)

或者是

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ip?link?show1:?lo:??mtu?65536?qdisc?noqueue?state?UNKNOWN?mode?DEFAULT?group?default?qlen?1000????link/loopback?00:00:00:00:00:00?brd?00:00:00:00:00:002:?ens33:??mtu?1500?qdisc?pfifo_fast?state?UP?mode?DEFAULT?group?default?qlen?1000????link/ether?00:0c:29:bb:bd:40?brd?ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

或者

如果要查看某個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口的詳細(xì)信息，例如ens33的詳細(xì)參數(shù)和指標(biāo)

【有的ubuntu網(wǎng)口是eth0】

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ethtool?ens33Settings?for?ens33:?Supported?ports:?[?TP?]?Supported?link?modes:???10baseT/Half?10baseT/Full??????????????????????????100baseT/Half?100baseT/Full?#支持千兆半雙工，全雙工模式?????????????????????????1000baseT/Full??Supported?pause?frame?use:?No?Supports?auto-negotiation:?Yes?#默認(rèn)使用自適應(yīng)模式?Advertised?link?modes:??10baseT/Half?10baseT/Full??????????????????????????100baseT/Half?100baseT/Full??????????????????????????1000baseT/Full??Advertised?pause?frame?use:?No?Advertised?auto-negotiation:?Yes?Speed:?1000Mb/s?#網(wǎng)卡的速度是1000Mb?Duplex:?Full????#全雙工?Port:?Twisted?Pair?PHYAD:?0?Transceiver:?internal?Auto-negotiation:?on?MDI-X:?off?(auto)?Supports?Wake-on:?d?Wake-on:?d?Current?message?level:?0x00000007?(7)??????????drv?probe?link?Link?detected:?yes???#表示有網(wǎng)線連接，和路由是通的

5. pci

查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci?00:00.0?Host?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82845?845?(Brookdale)?Chipset?Host?Bridge?(rev?04)?00:01.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82845?845?(Brookdale)?Chipset?AGP?Bridge(rev?04)?00:1d.0?USB?Controller:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?USB?(Hub?#1)?(rev?02)?00:1d.1?USB?Controller:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?USB?(Hub?#2)?(rev?02)?00:1e.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801?Mobile?PCI?Bridge?(rev?42)?00:1f.0?ISA?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801CAM?ISA?Bridge?(LPC)?(rev?02)?00:1f.1?IDE?interface:?Intel?Corporation?82801CAM?IDE?U100?(rev?02)?00:1f.3?SMBus:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?SMBus?Controller?(rev?02)?00:1f.5?Multimedia?audio?controller:Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?AC'97?Audio?Controller?(rev?02)?00:1f.6?Modem:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?AC'97?Modem?Controller?(rev?02)?01:00.0?VGA?compatible?controller:?nVidia?Corporation?NV17?[GeForce4?420?Go](rev?a3)?02:00.0?FireWire?(IEEE?1394):?VIA?Technologies,?Inc.?IEEE?1394?Host?Controller(rev?46)?02:01.0?Ethernet?controller:?Realtek?Semiconductor?Co.,?Ltd.?RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+(rev?10)?02:04.0?CardBus?bridge:?O2?Micro,?Inc.?OZ6933?Cardbus?Controller?(rev?01)?02:04.1?CardBus?bridge:?O2?Micro,?Inc.?OZ6933?Cardbus?Controller?(rev?01)

由上述的 輸出可以看到，我的電腦上共有3個(gè)PCI總線(0號(hào)，1號(hào)，2號(hào)）。在單個(gè)系統(tǒng)上，插入多個(gè)總線是通過(guò)橋（bridge)來(lái)完成的，橋是一種用來(lái)連接總線 的特殊PCI外設(shè)。所以，PCI系統(tǒng)的整體布局組織為樹型，我們可以通過(guò)上面的lspci輸出，來(lái)畫出我的電腦上的PCI系統(tǒng)的樹型結(jié)構(gòu)：

00:00.0(主橋）--00:01.0(PCI橋）-----01:00:0(nVidia顯卡）???????????????????|???????????????????|---00:1d(USB控制器)--00:1d:0(USB1號(hào)控制器）???????????????????|????????????????????|???????????????????|????????????????????|--00:1d:1(USB2號(hào)控制器）????????????????????|???????????????????|-00:1e:0(PCI橋)--02:00.0(IEEE1394)???????????????????|????????????????|???????????????????|????????????????|-02:01.0(8139網(wǎng)卡）???????????????????|????????????????|???????????????????|????????????????|-02:04(CardBus橋)-02:04.0(橋1）???????????????????|???????????????????????????????????|???????????????????|???????????????????????????????????|--02:04.1(橋2)???????????????????|???????????????????|-00:1f(多功能板卡)-00:1f:0(ISA橋）????????????????????????????????????????|????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:1(IDE接口)????????????????????????????????????????|????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:3(SMBus)????????????????????????????????????????|????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:5(多媒體聲音控制器)????????????????????????????????????????|????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:6(調(diào)制解調(diào)器)

由上圖可以得出，我的電腦上共有8個(gè)PCI設(shè)備，其中0號(hào)總線上(主橋)上連有4個(gè)，1號(hào)總線上連有1個(gè)，2號(hào)總線上連有3個(gè)。00:1f是一個(gè)連有5個(gè)功能的多功能板卡。

如果要更詳細(xì)的信息:

lspci?-v?或者?lspci?-vv

如果要看設(shè)備樹:lscpi -t

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci?-t

6. usb

查看usb信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsusbBus?001?Device?001:?ID?1d6b:0002?Linux?Foundation?2.0?root?hubBus?002?Device?003:?ID?0e0f:0002?VMware,?Inc.?Virtual?USB?HubBus?002?Device?002:?ID?0e0f:0003?VMware,?Inc.?Virtual?MouseBus?002?Device?001:?ID?1d6b:0001?Linux?Foundation?1.1?root?hub

lsusb -t查看系統(tǒng)中的USB拓?fù)洌愃芻at /sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsusb?-t/:??Bus?02.Port?1:?Dev?1,?Class=root_hub,?Driver=uhci_hcd/2p,?12M????|__?Port?1:?Dev?2,?If?0,?Class=Human?Interface?Device,?Driver=usbhid,?12M????|__?Port?2:?Dev?3,?If?0,?Class=Hub,?Driver=hub/7p,?12M/:??Bus?01.Port?1:?Dev?1,?Class=root_hub,?Driver=ehci-pci/6p,?480M

/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids還保存了很多設(shè)備商的VID信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids?|?grep?King?7778??Counterfeit?flash?drive?[Kingston]?0100??Kingston?Flash?Drive?(128MB)?c010??Kingston?FCR-HS2/ATA?Card?Reader07cb??Kingmax?Technology,?Inc.?4100??Kingsun?SF-620?Infrared?Adapter?4959??Kingsun?KS-959?Infrared?Adapter?0015??Kingston?DataTraveler?ELITE?0016??Kingston?DataTraveler?U3?0998??Kingston?Data?Traveler2.0?Disk?Driver?0999??Kingston?Data?Traveler2.0?Disk?Driver?6519??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?USB?Stick?653c??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(512M)?653d??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(1GB)?6544??TransMemory-Mini?/?Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(2GB)?6545??Kingston?DataTraveler?102/2.0?/?HEMA?Flash?Drive?2?GB?/?PNY?Attache?4GB?Stick0951??Kingston?Technology0d8a??King?Jim?Co.,?Ltd?00a3??Smart?King?PRO?Uninterruptible?Power?Supply?(HID?PDC)0e56??Kingston?Technology?Company,?Inc.0f8e??Kingnet?Technology?Co.,?Ltd13fe??Kingston?Technology?Company?Inc.?1f00??Kingston?DataTraveler?/?Patriot?Xporter1687??Kingmax?Digital?Inc.16df??King?Billion?Electronics?Co.,?Ltd.?2149??EntropyKing?Random?Number?Generator

lsusb -v查看系統(tǒng)中USB設(shè)備的詳細(xì)信息

lsusb?-v

7. lshw查看所有硬件摘要信息

下面命令可以查看所有硬件摘要信息，并輸出成一個(gè)html文件，把此html文件導(dǎo)出到電腦上，直接打開，可以清楚的看到硬件信息：

lshw?-html?>?/hardware.html

8. lsscsi查看SCSI控制器設(shè)備的信息

可以看到SCSI信息和所有虛擬磁盤以及光驅(qū)的信息，如果沒(méi)有硬件SCSI控制器，那就不會(huì)返回信息：

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsscsi[2:0:0:0]????disk????VMware,??VMware?Virtual?S?1.0???/dev/sda?[4:0:0:0]????cd/dvd??NECVMWar?VMware?SATA?CD01?1.00??/dev/sr0?

插入一個(gè)U盤后再查看：

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsscsi[2:0:0:0]????disk????VMware,??VMware?Virtual?S?1.0???/dev/sda?[4:0:0:0]????cd/dvd??NECVMWar?VMware?SATA?CD01?1.00??/dev/sr0?[33:0:0:0]???disk????Kingston?DataTraveler?G2??1.00??/dev/sdb?

可以看到U盤為Kingston。

9. 查看bios信息

root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?dmidecode?-t?bios#?dmidecode?3.0Getting?SMBIOS?data?from?sysfs.SMBIOS?2.7?present.Handle?0x0000,?DMI?type?0,?24?bytesBIOS?Information?Vendor:?Phoenix?Technologies?LTD?Version:?6.00?Release?Date:?07/29/2019?Address:?0xEA480?Runtime?Size:?88960?bytes?ROM?Size:?64?kB?Characteristics:??ISA?is?supported??PCI?is?supported??PC?Card?(PCMCIA)?is?supported??PNP?is?supported??APM?is?supported??BIOS?is?upgradeable??BIOS?shadowing?is?allowed??ESCD?support?is?available??Boot?from?CD?is?supported??Selectable?boot?is?supported??EDD?is?supported??Print?screen?service?is?supported?(int?5h)??8042?keyboard?services?are?supported?(int?9h)??Serial?services?are?supported?(int?14h)??Printer?services?are?supported?(int?17h)??CGA/mono?video?services?are?supported?(int?10h)??ACPI?is?supported??Smart?battery?is?supported??BIOS?boot?specification?is?supported??Function?key-initiated?network?boot?is?supported??Targeted?content?distribution?is?supported?BIOS?Revision:?4.6?Firmware?Revision:?0.0

dmidecode以一種可讀的方式dump出機(jī)器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。這些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到當(dāng)前的配置，也可以得到系統(tǒng)支持的最大配置，比如說(shuō)支持的最大內(nèi)存數(shù)等。

如果要查看所有有用的信息

dmidecode?-q

里面包含了很多硬件信息。